PLANNING USAHA

Perusahaan : WARUNG BETAWI ( WATAW )

Kafe yang bernuansa adat betawi dan pentas seni lenong serta menyediakan berbagai macam makanan khas betawi seperti : nasi uduk, gado-gado, soto betawi, asinan betawi, kerak telor, roti buaya dll.

VISI :

• Melestarikan berbagai macam kuliner khas betawi 

MISI :

• Menjadi perusahaan yang terbaik dalam menyediakan makanan dan minuman khes betawi
• Selalu memberikan kenyamanan kepada para pelanggan 
• Melestarikan makanan khas betawi agar tidak ketinggalan jaman dan mampu bersaing kelezatan dengan makanan yang lainnya

 Struktur Organisasi

 

PROYEK JEMBATAN SURAMADU

 Berdirinya Jembatan Suramadu merupakan tonggak sejarah baru dalam pembangunan konstruksi prasarana perhubungan di Indonesia. Jembatan antarpulau sepanjang 5.438 meter yang akan diresmikan Rabu (10/6) besok itu bukan hanya yang terpanjang di Indonesia, tetapi juga di Asia Tenggara.

            Sebagai jembatan yang menghubungkan dua pulau, sesungguhnya Suramadu (Surabaya-Madura) merupakan yang kedua setelah rangkaian jembatan Barelang (Batam Rempang Galang) yang selesai dibangun tahun 1997. Enam jembatan dengan berbagai tipe yang menghubungkan tujuh pulau kecil di Propinsi Kepulauan Riau ini, merupakan landmark keberhasilan dan kemandirian anak bangsa dalam membangun jembatan antar pulau.

            Sebelum Suramadu dibangun, sempat timbul keragu-raguan, apakah mungkin membangun jembatan di daerah patahan dan gempa? Bagaimana dengan tiupan angin di laut Selat Madura yang terkenal kencang, apakah tidak akan memengaruhi konstruksi jembatan?

             Penelitian pun akhirnya dilakukan secara mendalam selama tahun 2003-2004. Penelitian yang lebih bersifat technical study dilakukan terhadap 12 item yang kebanyakan berupa parameter tanah.

             Dari sisi seismic hazard analysis, misalnya, diperoleh kesimpulan, di sekitar lokasi jembatan tidak ditemukan suatu patahan aktif. Berdasarkan katalog gempa juga tidak ditemukan gempa dengan magnitude di atas 4 skala Richter sehingga kondisi di sekitar lokasi jembatan cukup stabil.

              Kajian mendalam juga dilakukan terhadap kontur dasar laut, arus air laut, serta pengaruh pasang terhadap jembatan. Ternyata semuanya sangat memungkinkan untuk dibangun jembatan yang menghubungkan dua pulau. Adapun untuk angin, berdasarkan kajian ternyata angin yang melintang kecepatannya sekitar 3,6 kilometer per jam sampai maksimal 65 kilometer per jam.

Tahan gempa

Jembatan Suramadu yang pemancangan tiang pertamanya dilakukan pada 20 Agustus 2003 oleh Presiden Megawati Soekarnoputri saat ini bisa tahan terhadap guncangan gempa sampai 7 skala Richter. Jembatan ini pun dirancang dengan sistem antikorosi pada fondasi tiang baja.

Karena menghubungkan dua pulau, teknologi pembangunan Jembatan Suramadu didesain agar memungkinkan kapal-kapal dapat melintas di bawah jembatan. Itulah sebabnya, di bagian bentang tengah Suramadu disediakan ruang selebar 400 meter secara horizontal dengan tinggi sekitar 35 meter.

Untuk menciptakan ruang gerak yang lebih leluasa bagi kapal- kapal, di bagian bentang tengah Suramadu dibangun dua tower (pylon) setinggi masing-masing 140 meter dari atas air. Kedua tower ini ditopang sebanyak 144 buah kabel penopang (stayed cable) serta ditanam dengan fondasi sedalam 100 meter hingga 105 meter.

"Total panjang tower sekitar 240 meter. Ini sesuatu yang belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya," kata Direktur Jenderal Bina Marga Departemen Pekerjaan Umum Hermanto Dardak.

Kuat 100 tahun

Secara keseluruhan, pembangunan Suramadu menghabiskan sekitar 650.000 ton beton dan lebih kurang 50.000 ton besi baja. Tak heran, dinas pekerjaan umum mengklaim Suramadu sebagai megaproyek yang menghabiskan dana total mencapai Rp 4,5 triliun. Jembatan ini dirancang kuat bertahan hingga 100 tahun atau hampir menyamai standar Inggris yang mencapai 120 tahun.

Karena berada di tengah lautan, Suramadu berpotensi terkendala faktor angin besar yang potensial terjadi di tengah lautan. Untuk memastikan keamanan kendaraan yang melintas di atas Suramadu, Departemen Pekerjaan Umum akan membangun pusat monitoring kondisi cuaca, khususnya angin.

"Jika kecepatan angin sudah mencapai 11 meter per detik atau sekitar 40 kilometer per jam, jembatan harus ditutup untuk kendaraan roda dua demi keselamatan pengendara," ujar Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Djoko Kirmanto.

Jika kecepatan angin bertambah hingga 18 meter per detik atau sekitar 65 kilometer per jam, jalur untuk kendaraan roda empat akan ditutup. Langkah ini semata-mata untuk keselamatan dan kenyamanan pengendara. Adapun konstruksi jembatan akan tetap aman karena Jembatan Suramadu dirancang tetap kokoh meski ditempa angin berkecepatan lebih dari 200 kilometer per jam.

Bukan cuma kuat dari terpaan angin, Jembatan Suramadu juga didesain mampu menopang kendaraan sesuai standar as atau axle di daratan. Dengan demikian, Suramadu diperkirakan mampu menahan beban dengan berat satu as kendaraan sekitar 10 ton.

Cukup lima menit

Setelah diresmikan besok, diperkirakan Jembatan Suramadu akan dilintasi 8.000-9.000 sepeda motor per hari serta sekitar 4.000 kendaraan roda empat per hari.

Jumlah ini berdasarkan perhitungan sebelumnya, kendaraan yang melintasi Ujung-Kamal dengan menggunakan kapal feri sekitar 2,4 juta sepeda motor per tahun (62 persen) serta 1,5 juta kendaraan roda empat per tahun (38 persen).

Selain bakal padat, jembatan ini pun pasti akan sangat membantu masyarakat karena waktu tempuh Surabaya-Madura bisa dipersingkat. Jika sebelumnya menggunakan feri dibutuhkan waktu sekitar 30 menit, sekarang dengan menggunakan Suramadu cukup ditempuh lima menit.

Sempat tersendat

Pembangunan Suramadu dalam perjalanannya sempat menemui kendala dana. Terhambatnya pencairan dana menyebabkan pembangunan approach bridge atau jembatan pendekat sisi Surabaya sepanjang 672 meter tersendat September 2008. Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur akhirnya menalangi dana pembangunan melalui Bank Jatim sebesar Rp 50 miliar sebelum dana pinjaman dari Bank Exim of China sebesar 68,9 juta dollar AS cair.

Studi pembangunan yang kurang sempurna menyebabkan perkiraan biaya pembangunan juga meleset, seperti tiang pancang jembatan yang awalnya hanya didesain setinggi 45 meter akhirnya bertambah menjadi sekitar 90 meter. Karena itu, dari estimasi awal nilai kontrak sebesar Rp 4,2 triliun, biaya pembangunan akhirnya membengkak hingga Rp 4,5 triliun.

Pembiayaan pembangunan Suramadu 55 persen ditanggung pemerintah, sedangkan 45 persen sisanya pinjaman dari China. Dari total biaya pembangunan Suramadu sebesar Rp 4,5 triliun, sekitar Rp 2,1 triliun di antaranya harus berutang kepada China.

Mahalnya pemikiran dan biaya pembangunan Suramadu diharapkan mampu menumbuhkan geliat ekonomi Tanah Air, terutama Jawa Timur.

Setelah Suramadu, Lantas Apa Lagi?

Haryo Damardono
KOMPAS.com - ”Tenaga ahli dan pekerja konstruksi Indonesia sudah mampu membangun jembatan bentang panjang. Setelah membangun Jembatan Suramadu (5.438 meter), kami siap membangun jembatan di mana pun,” kata Danis H Sumadilaga, Direktur Bina Teknik Ditjen Bina Marga Departemen Pekerjaan Umum.

Hari Kamis (28/5), saat menapaki bentang utama Jembatan Suramadu, Kompas pun menjumpai pekerja asal China, sebagai konsekuensi pinjaman.
Kehadiran mereka positif. China lebih pengalaman membangun jembatan setelah giat membangun infrastruktur. Alhasil, kini teknologi mereka telah direbut. Meski, kata Danis, teknologi itu harus dipelajari lagi, lalu diterapkan.
Jembatan cable stay bridge Suramadu memang tidak hanya dipelajari kontraktor Indonesia, tetapi pegawai PU, akademisi, dan mahasiswa.
Tuntasnya Suramadu ada di depan mata. Pekan ini, tinggal mengaspal approach bridge sisi Surabaya. Hampir pasti, jembatan diresmikan hari Rabu (10/6) oleh Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Namun, pembangunan jembatan lain menanti di negeri kepulauan ini. Jembatan tak cuma menghubungkan pulau, tapi ”melangkahi” sungai-sungai, selebar ribuan meter.

Kini, PU mendesain Jembatan ”panjang” Tayan (1.200 meter) di Kalimantan Barat. Tujuannya untuk menumbuhkan ekonomi selatan Kalbar. Bila jembatan selesai, perjalanan melintasi Trans-Kalimantan penghubung Samarinda-Balikpapan-Banjarmasin-Palangkaraya-Pontianak tak terhambat Sungai Kapuas.
”Kami juga berniat membangun Jembatan Serangan-Tanjung Benoa. Sedang dihitung ketinggian idealnya sebab kapal melintas di bawah jembatan dan pesawat terbang rendah di perairan Tanjung Benoa sebelum mendarat di Ngurah Rai,” kata Danis.
Jadi kini, bangsa ini sanggup membangun jembatan panjang tanpa bantuan negara lain, dengan catatan ada dana. Tak jadi soal bila mengimpor material. Sebab belajar dari Suramadu, adanya 30 persen bahan produksi China, seperti stayed cable, lebih disebabkan tak tercapainya skala ekonomis bila dibuat di Indonesia.

Optimisme tinggi membangun jembatan panjang telanjur merasuki banyak pemda. Ada rencana Jembatan Teluk Kendari (700 meter), di Sulawesi Tenggara; Jembatan Penajam (4.000 meter) di Teluk Balikpapan; dan Jembatan Nunukan (4.200 meter) di Kalimantan Timur. Belum lagi, megaproyek Jembatan Selat Sunda (31 kilometer), berbiaya Rp 92 triliun. Jembatan itu akan menghubungkan Jawa dan Sumatera.

Perlu insentif
Setelah Suramadu tuntas, kata anggota DPR, Nusyirwan Soejono, Madura harus mampu menumbuhkan ekonomi setempat. ”Bila dalam beberapa periode pertumbuhan di sisi Surabaya lebih besar dibanding Madura, artinya jembatan itu gagal,” kata dia.
Nusyirwan menyayangkan Jembatan Barelang (Pulau Batam-Pulau Rempang-Pulau Galang). ”Maaf, setelah jembatan jadi, belum ada lonjakan ekonomi di sana,” ujarnya.

Pengembangan kawasan industri Madura (600 hektar) serta kawasan kaki-kaki jembatan seluas masing-masing 600 ha, telah ditargetkan pemerintah. Sebuah kawasan tidak akan berkembang kalau tidak ada perangsangnya.
Harus ada insentif, kemudahan perizinan, dan kepastian usaha. Tanpa itu, jangan banyak berharap ekonomi Madura melejit walaupun ada Jembatan Suramadu.
Jangan sampai jembatan itu, sekadar jadi ikonik di timur Jawa. Semoga kehadiran jembatan Suramadu bisa meningkatkan kesejahteraan warga Madura.


komentar :
dana anggaran yang digelontorkan dalam pembangunan terlalu mahal, seharusnya dibangun juga rel kereta api dengan jalur yang sama.

saran :
jembatan terpanjang se-asia tenggara memiliki daya tahan yang mempuni seperti tahan terhadap gempa dll saya kira itu baik, serta mempernudah jalur transportasi darat. diperlukannya perawatan rutin untuk menjaga ketahanan jembatan agar tahan berpuluh-puluh tahun.


sumber :
http://bisniskeuangan.kompas.com/read/2009/06/10/09010548/Suramadu.Jembatan.Versus.Jasa.Feri

Part Of Speech and Example

  In the English language, words can be considered as the smallest elements that have distinctive meanings. Based on their use and functions, words are categorized into several types or parts of speech. This article will offer definitions and examples for the 8 major parts of speech in English grammar : noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective,conjunction, preposition, and interjection.

1.      Noun

This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places, ideas, or events. Nouns are the simplest among the 8 parts of speech, which is why they are the first ones taught to students in primary school.

Examples:

• Tom Hanks is very versatile.                                                                                                           The italicized noun refers to a name of a person.
• Dogs can be extremely cute.                                                                                                             In this example, the italicized word is considered a noun because it names an animal.
• It is my birthday.                                                                                                                               The word “birthday” is a noun which refers to an event.

There are different types of nouns namely:

• Proper– proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers to specific names of persons, places, or things.                                                                                                              Examples: Volkswagen Beetle, Shakey’s Pizza, Game of Thrones
• Common– common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. These are just generic names of persons, things, or places.                                                                                                Examples: car, pizza parlor, TV series
• Concrete– this kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five senses.Examples: folder, sand, board
• Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you can’t perceive through your five senses.                                                                                                              Examples: happiness, grudge, bravery
• Count– it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form.      Examples:  kitten, video, ball
• Mass– this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called non-countable nouns, and they need to have “counters” to quantify them.                                                         Examples of Counters: kilo, cup, meter                                                                                  Examples of Mass Nouns: rice, flour, garter
• Collective– refers to a group of persons, animals, or things.                                            Example: faculty (group of teachers), class (group of students), pride (group of lions)           This great list of nouns can help you explore more nouns.

2.      Pronoun

A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for a noun. Some examples of pronouns are: I, it, he, she, mine, his, hers, we, they, theirs, and ours.

Sample Sentences:

•  Janice is a very stubborn child. She just stared at me and when I told her to stop.
• The largest slice is mine.
• We are number one.

The italicized words in the sentences above are the pronouns in the sentence.

3.      Adjective

This part of  a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can specify the quality, the size, and the number of nouns or pronouns.

Use this link to get a list of adjectives.

Sample Sentences:

• The carvings are intricate.                                                                                                                 The italicized word describes the appearance of the noun “carvings.”
• I have two hamsters.                                                                                                                           The italicized word “two,” is an adjective which describes the number of the noun “hamsters.”
• Wow! That doughnut is huge!                                                                                                           The italicized word is an adjective which describes the size of the noun “doughnut.”

4.      Verb

This is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would not exist. Simply put, this is a word that shows an action (physical or mental) or state of being of the subject in a sentence.

Examples of “State of Being Verbs” : am, is, was, are, and were

Sample Sentences:

•  As usual, the Stormtroopers missed their shot.                                                                          The italicized word expresses the action of the subject “Stormtroopers.”
• They are always prepared in emergencies.                                                                                The verb “are” refers to the state of being of the pronoun “they,” which is the subject in the sentence.

5.      Adverb

Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that adverbs describe adjectives, verbs, or another adverb.

The different types of adverbs are:

•  Adverb of Manner– this refers to how something happens or how an action is done.          Example: Annie danced gracefully.                                                                                            The word “gracefully” tells how Annie danced.
• Adverb of Time- this states “when” something happens or “when” it is done.                             Example: She came yesterday.                                                                                                   The italicized word tells when she “came.”
• Adverb of Place– this tells something about “where” something happens or ”where” something is done.                                                                                                                  Example:  Of course, I looked everywhere!                                                                               The adverb “everywhere” tells where I “looked.”
• Adverb of Degree– this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific thing happens or is done.                                                                                                                              Example: The child is very talented.                                                                                         The italicized adverb answers the question, “To what degree is the child talented?”

6.      Preposition

This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location in time.

Examples of Prepositions: above, below, throughout, outside, before, near, and since

Sample Sentences:

•  Micah is hiding under the bed.                                                                                                  The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “under the bed,” and tells where Micah is hiding.
• During the game, the audience never stopped cheering for their team.
• The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “during the game,” and tells when the audience cheered.

7.      Conjunction

The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses together.

Examples of Conjunctions:  and, yet, but, for, nor, or, and so

Sample Sentences:

•  This cup of tea is delicious and very soothing.
• Kiyoko has to start all over again because she didn’t follow the professor’s instructions.
• Homer always wanted to join the play, but he didn’t have the guts to audition.

The italicized words in the sentences above are some examples of conjunctions.

8.      Interjection

This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections are commonly used to convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an exclamation point.

Examples of Interjections:

Sample Sentences:

• Ouch! That must have hurt.
• Hurray, we won!
• Hey! I said enough! 

The bold words attached to the main sentences above are some examples of interjections.

Final Thoughts

You must familiarize yourself with the different parts of speech discussed in this article because they are among the most fundamental concepts that you will encounter throughout your study of grammar. An in-depth knowledge of this topic will not only make you a better writer, but an effective communicator as well.

Example :

Assalamualaikum Wr Wb.

Good morning for all of the audiences

First of all, let's thanks Allah the Al Mighty who has been giving us mercy and blessing so we can attend this meeting without any obstacles in this great occasion.

Ladies and Gentlemen, I would like to deliver my speech in this morning.

The addictive drug is a kind of drug, which is often misused and cause many problems on one's nerves. Drug abuse can result in nerve damage, resulting in addiction and dependence. The use of drugs does not fit the current rules a lot going on in the community.

When a drug is used, the effects will be retrieved by the user. First, the drug is able to provide peace to the wearer and make them unconscious. When used in excess, then the drug could result in death. Later, the drug can also cause stimulation and passion toward the user.

The Ladies and Gentlemen

Drugs are not only used by the adults, but its abuse was committed by teen years old. In Indonesia, we often see an awful lot of kids who use drugs. Of course, the use of addictive substances provides a broad and thorough impact for them. They will experience a change in behavior, decreasing the quality of work, potentially causing crime and getting the health disorders cause death.

As teachers and parents, we should prevent any drug abuse. We can make a variety of programs and activities such as playing music, exercising, making the clubs studied, and various social activities. In essence, we make a wide range of activities that aim to distract the students.

All students as the young generation in particular

This is a very serious problem for us. A generation of this nation will be lost if we do not take action together and soon. In short, we must be willing to go to against illicit drugs, and war must start from within.

So, what can we do as a young generation? Prevention is better than cure. Avoid drugs because once you try it, you will be stuck and then became addicted. You will eventually be turned into criminals or take your life. We have so many examples around us, what happens to the user. They are all loose on their future. I think we do not want such things to happen to ourselves.

Let us do the above efforts consistently and never give up. I am sure that we could eradicate drugs in Indonesia.

That’s all my speech. I do hope my speech will be useful in our life.

Wassalamualaikum. Wr. Wb.

Kind Of Letter (Person Letter, Social Letter and Business Letter )

Person Letter

Introduction

A Personal letter is sent from one individual to another individual or organisation in order to address matters of an informal nature. Examples of these can include;

• Apologies
• Thank you's
• Personal reference
• Congratulations
• Invitations
• Condolences

They differ from formal types in that they can be used to express personal feelings and depending on the relationship between the sender and receiver do not require formal concise language.

Tools

We offer three tools to help you put it together; our Free Guide, our Service or our Templates.

FREE Guide

Quicklinks

• Layout
• Conventions
• Content
• Further considerations

Layout

The example below details the general layout that a personal letter should conform to. Each aspect of the is detailed more fully below the image.

Conventions

Conventions are not as critical as they are in a formal correspondence but the following general layout should be adhered to:

Addresses:

1) Your Address 
You must always remember to include your own address on the top right-hand side of the page. This will enable the person that you are writing to, to be able to reply.

2) The Address of the person you are writing to This address should be displayed beneath your address on the left-hand side, remember to include the name of the person that you are writing to.

Date:

This should be displayed on the right-hand side of the page on the line beneath your address and should be written in full format:

e.g. 1st January 2001

Salutation & Greeting:

Dear Mr Jones, 
The above shows the format of the greeting line. The salutation formats are shown below:

Mr - for a male
Mrs - for a married female
Miss - for an unmarried female
Ms - for a female whose status is unknown or would prefer to remain anonymous
Dr - for a person with the status of a doctor

The salutation should be followed by the surname only (not the first name).

If you are familiar with the person that you are writing to then it may be more appropriate to include their first name rather than using their title. This is a decision that you will need to make based on your relationship with the person in question.

Concluding:

1) Yours sincerely,
You should conclude with the words: "Yours sincerely,".

Followed by:

2) Your signature
Sign your name, then print it underneath the signature.

You may wish to conclude with something more friendly e.g. "All the best", "Best regards," etc.

Content

Consider your relationship and familiarity with the person or organisation with whom you are writing to and adjust the level of formality accordingly.

Further Considerations

Expressing Yourself - Write by hand; your penmanship is a piece of you and by writing by hand it gives the recipient something completely unique and special.

Mementoes - Enclose a photo; in some circumstances your recipient might have forgotten about or never have seen you. Alternatively enclose a memento of a shared experience (these can be photocopied, rather than sending the original).

From the Heart - Remind your recipient of your shared experiences; or share one thing about that person that you admire, compliments can go a long way to building on relationships.

Avoid Email - Email has made it easy to jot down a few words, spell check and hit send. When handwriting use conventional snail mail, obviously checking for spelling and grammar. Know what you are going to say and how you’d like to write it before you start, there is no delete button in real life.

Social Letter

The Social Letters which are written to relations and intimate friends should be written in an easy, conversational style. The Social letters are really of the nature of friendly chat: and, being as a rule unpremeditated and spontaneous compositions, they are informal and free-and-easy as compared with essays. Just as in friendly talks, as in friendly letters, we can touch on many subjects and in any order we like. And we can use colloquial expressions which would in formal essays be quite out of place. But this does not mean that we can be careless and slovenly in dashing off our letters. For, it is insulting to ask a friend to decipher a badly written, ill-composed and confusing scrawl. 

The Social Letters which are written to relations and intimate friends should be written in an easy, conversational style. So, it must for us to take care and preserve some order in expressing our thoughts. Above all, it must be remembered that, however free-and-easy may be our style, we are as much bound by the rules of spelling, punctuation, grammar and idiom in writing a letter as we are in writing the most formal letter. 

The Social Letters which are written to relations and intimate friends should be written in an easy, conversational style. Such ungrammatical expressions as “an advice, those sort of things and he met my brother and I" are not permissible both in a friendly letter and in a business letter. Mistakes in spelling, punctuation and grammar at once stamp a letter-writer as uneducated. 

In Social Letters to relations and intimate friends, use the proper form of address. 

The proper form of address is the name (without title) of the person to whom you are writing, prefixed by such qualifying terms as Dear, My Dear, Dearest etc… 
For examples: 

Dear Father, 

Dear Mother, 

Dear Brother, 

Dearest Sister, 

Dear Edward, 

My Dear Bill, 

But if you are writing to an ordinary person who is much older than you are, or of superior rank, it is respectful to use a prefix like Mr., Mrs., Ms. Etc…The Social-letters which are written to relations and intimate friends should be written in an easy, conversational style. 

For examples: 

Boemi Manti 2
Gedaton,
Lumbung.

24th May 2016.

Dear Gide,

I am very happy when i know that you win the Young Scientist Award for popularization of linguistic. Your articles on linguistic topics like Second Language acquisition, Psycholinguistic, Syntax, Semantic and English For Kids have become very popular, especially among the language teacher. Some of these articles have finaly found their way into text-books. You have inspired a lot of linguist to start their own research. For your insightfulness and valuable contribution, a science-journal has noted that you are the new Chomsky.

You have made all your college-mates proud. May you continue to succeed and make a mark in the international field?

Let the Almighty bless you with more success!

Yours sincerely,

Pradata Rakha 

Business Letter

A business letter is more formal than a personal letter. It should have a margin of at least one inch on all four edges. It is always written on 8½"x11" (or metric equivalent) unlined stationery. There are sixparts to a business letter.

1. The Heading. This contains the return address (usually two or three lines) with the date on the last line.

Sometimes it may be necessary to include a line after the address and before the date for a phone number, fax number, E-mail address, or something similar.

Often a line is skipped between the address and date. That should always be done if the heading is next to the left margin. (See Business Letter Styles.)

It is not necessary to type the return address if you are using stationery with the return address already imprinted. Always include the date.

2. The Inside Address. This is the address you are sending your letter to. Make it as complete as possible. Include titles and names if you know them.

This is always on the left margin. If an 8½" x 11" paper is folded in thirds to fit in a standard 9" business envelope, the inside address can appear through the window in the envelope.

An inside address also helps the recipient route the letter properly and can help should the envelope be damaged and the address become unreadable.

Skip a line after the heading before the inside address. Skip another line after the inside address before the greeting.

3. The Greeting. Also called the salutation. The greeting in a business letter is always formal. It normally begins with the word "Dear" and always includes the person's last name.

It normally has a title. Use a first name only if the title is unclear--for example, you are writing to someone named "Leslie," but do not know whether the person is male or female. For more on the form of titles, see Titles with Names.

The greeting in a business letter always ends in a colon. (You know you are in trouble if you get a letter from a boyfriend or girlfriend and the greeting ends in a colon--it is not going to be friendly.)

4. The Body. The body is written as text. A business letter is never hand written. Depending on the letter style you choose, paragraphs may be indented. Regardless of format, skip a line between paragraphs.

Skip a line between the greeting and the body. Skip a line between the body and the close.

5. The Complimentary Close. This short, polite closing ends with a comma. It is either at the left margin or its left edge is in the center, depending on the Business Letter Style that you use. It begins at the same column the heading does.

The block style is becoming more widely used because there is no indenting to bother with in the whole letter.

6. The Signature Line. Skip two lines (unless you have unusually wide or narrow lines) and type out the name to be signed. This customarily includes a middle initial, but does not have to. Women may indicate how they wish to be addressed by placing Miss, Mrs., Ms. or similar title in parentheses before their name.

The signature line may include a second line for a title, if appropriate. The term "By direction" in the second line means that a superior is authorizing the signer.

The signature should start directly above the first letter of the signature line in the space between the close and the signature line. Use blue or black ink.

Business letters should not contain postscripts.

Some organizations and companies may have formats that vary slightly.

For examples: 

Block Form

5 Hill Street
Madison, Wisconsin 53700

March 15, 2005

Ms. Helen Jones
President
Jones, Jones & Jones
123 International Lane
Boston, Massachusetts 01234 

Dear Ms. Jones:

Ah, business letter format-there are block formats, and indented formats, and modified block formats . . . and who knows what others. To simplify matters, we're demonstrating the block format on this page, one of the two most common formats. For authoritative advice about all the variations, we highly recommend The Gregg Reference Manual, 9th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), a great reference tool for workplace communications. There seems to be no consensus about such fine points as whether to skip a line after your return address and before the date: some guidelines suggest that you do; others do not. Let's hope that your business letter succeeds no matter which choice you make!

When you use the block form to write a business letter, all the information is typed flush left, with one-inch margins all around. First provide your own address, then skip a line and provide the date, then skip one more line and provide the inside address of the party to whom the letter is addressed. If you are using letterhead that already provides your address, do not retype that information; just begin with the date. For formal letters, avoid abbreviations where possible.

Skip another line before the salutation, which should be followed by a colon. Then write the body of your letter as illustrated here, with no indentation at the beginnings of paragraphs. Skip lines between paragraphs.

After writing the body of the letter, type the closing, followed by a comma, leave 3 blank lines, then type your name and title (if applicable), all flush left. Sign the letter in the blank space above your typed name. Now doesn't that look professional?

Sincerely,

John Doe
Administrative Assistant

Indented Form

5 Hill Street Madison, Wisconsin 53700 15 March 2005 Ms. Helen Jones President Jones, Jones & Jones 123 International Lane Boston, Massachusetts 01234 Dear Ms. Jones: Ah, business letter format--there are block formats, and indented formats, and modified block formats . . . and who knows what others. To simplify matters, we're demonstrating the indented format on this page, one of the two most common formats. For authoritative advice about all the variations, we highly recommend The Gregg Reference Manual, 9th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), a great reference tool for workplace communications. There seems to be no consensus about such fine points as whether to skip a line after your return address and before the date: some guidelines suggest that you do; others do not. Let's hope that your business letter succeeds no matter which choice you make! If you are using the indented form, place your address at the top, with the left edge of the address aligned with the center of the page. Skip a line and type the date so that it lines up underneath your address. Type the inside address and salutation flush left; the salutation should be followed by a colon. For formal letters, avoid abbreviations. Indent the first line of each paragraph one-half inch. Skip lines between paragraphs. Instead of placing the closing and signature lines flush left, type them in the center, even with the address and date above, as illustrated here. Now doesn't that look professional? Sincerely, John Doe